Cara Menulis Abstrak. Jika Anda harus menulis sebuah abstrak untuk makalah akademik atau ilmiah, jangan panik! Abstrak adalah tulisan sederhana dan pendek, rangkuman dari karya (karangan ilmiah) atau makalah yang berdiri sendiri, yang. Paper merupakan ringkasan dari penelitian yang kita buat, dengan kata lain paper sama dengan tugas akhir, hanya saja ringkas serta tidak serinci sebuah riset tugas akhir. Menurut standar paper biasanya ditulis sampai 6 halaman saja. Jadi misal tugas akhir atau. SELENGKAPNYAContoh Cara Membuat Paper Kuliah yang Baik dan Benar.
Pada saat menulis naskah jurnal, orang mungkin sering terjebak dengan menuliskan hal yang sama di Abstract dan Conclusion. Padahal, kedua bagian tersebut memiliki fungsi yang berbeda dan ditulis dengan cara yang berbeda.ABSTRACTAbstract di artikel ilmiah berfungsi sebagai ringkasan dari artikel Anda. Oleh karena itu, di dalam Abstract, seluruh bagian di dalam artikel haruslah terwakili, biarpun hanya dengan satu kalimat karena jumlah kata yang boleh dimasukkan ke dalam Abstract sangat terbatas, umumnya berkisar antara 200-300 kata, tergantung jurnal. Saya sarankan untuk memulai Abstract dengan Introduction, gambaran masalah secara garis besar. Kemudian Abstract diikuti dengan tujuan penulisan, dengan menutup ‘knowledge gap’ yang ada. Setelah itu, metodologi penelitian secara singkat (misalnya percobaan lapangan atau simulasi atau yang lainnya) dan diikuti dengan hasil. Implikasi dari penelitian Anda bisa juga dicantumkan sebagai kalimat penutup di dalam Abstract.
Saya akan memberikan contoh disertai dengan bagian-bagian yang saya sebutkan di atas:Roots and tubers such as potatoes and cassava rank within the top six among the world’s most important food crops, yet the extent to which their global production has been adversely affected by drought remains unclear ( MASALAH DASAR). Greater uncertainties exist on how drought effects co-vary with: (1) root and tuber species, (2) soil texture, (3) agro-ecological region, and 4) drought timing. It is often assumed that potato is drought-sensitive whereas cassava and sweet potato are resistant to drought. To address these uncertainties ( TUJUAN), we collected literature data between 1980 and 2015 that reported monoculture root and tuber yield responses to drought under field conditions, and analyzed this large data set using meta-analysis techniques ( METODOLOGI). Our results showed that the amount of water reduction was positively related with yield reduction, but the extent of the impact varied with root or tuber species and the phenological phase during which drought occurred. In contrast to common assumptions regarding drought resistance of certain root and tuber crops, we found that yield reduction was similar between potato and species thought to be drought-resistant such as cassava and sweet potato.
Here we suggest that drought-resistance in cassava and sweet potato could be more related to survival rather than yield. All roots or tubers crops, however, experienced greater yield reduction when drought struck during the tuberization period compared to during their vegetative phase. The effect of soil texture on yield reduction was less obvious, and similarly we did not find any significant effects of region (and related climatic factors) on neither yield reduction nor drought sensitivity ( HASIL). Our study provides useful information that could inform agricultural planning, and influence the direction of research for improving the productivity and the resilience of these under-utilized crops in the drought-prone regions of the world ( IMPLIKASI).CONCLUSIONConclusion seringkali bersifat tentative (tidak selalu diperlukan atau diminta oleh suatu jurnal). Namun, jika diminta, kita seringkali menjadi bingung karena kalau ringkasan dari artikel sudah disediakan di Abstract, lalu apa gunanya Conclusion? Kita sering mengartikan Conclusion sebagai kesimpulan. Namun di dalam artikel ilmiah, Conclusion lebih menitikberatkan pada ‘ what’s next’, walaupun kalimat-kalimat pertama di dalam Conclusion memang merupakan ringkasan dari hasil-hasil kita.
Dibandingkan dengan Abstract, Conclusion relatif lebih fleksibel ( bisa diberi referensi atau lebih dari satu paragraf, walaupun tidak disarankan untuk melebihi dua paragraf). Di bawah ini, Anda dapat membaca Conclusion dari artikel yang sama dan membandingkan dengan contoh Abstract di atas.Contrasting with the common belief that cassava and sweet potato are resistant to drought, our results indicated that, under similar water shortage conditions, these crops experienced yield reduction comparable to drought-sensitive species. Sweet potato even showed higher sensitivity to drought compared to potato. All root/tuber species were particularly sensitive to drought during the tuberization period, and this drought sensitivity was observed across contrasting agro-eco-regions and soil texture ( RINGKASAN HASIL).Roots and tubers have so far been regarded as inferior and neglected food crops even in areas where they are staples (Horton, 1988). For several decades, studies have examined the problems and potentials of root/tuber crops production, but limited progress has been made in improving the productivity of most of these crops under drought conditions.
There are numerous challenges to the development of tuber and root crops, but an intensification of research (e.g., germplasm conservation, improved cultivation methods) is a critical step toward that goal. Among the dominant root/tuber crops, yam has probably the greatest potential for development and genetic improvement in part due to its xerophytic characteristics, its ability to survive in areas with low annual rainfall, its long dormancy period, and its high nutritional content. As reviewed elsewhere for cassava (Lebot, 2009; Okogbenin et al., 2013; Prochnik et al., 2012), sweet potato (Lebot, 2009; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2011), yam (Asiedu and Sartie, 2010; Lebot, 2009), taro and yautia (Lebot, 2009; Onwoume and Charles, 1994), available technologies (e.g., genetic modification, improvement of cultivation and irrigation methods) could help maintain the productivity of tuber crops in the face of a changing climate, and improve food security in the drought-prone regions of the world ( WHAT’S NEXT ATAU IMPLIKASI).